#Modelling of Newtons law

[edwardslvrr]

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[makingqueerhistory]

Stonewall Book Awards Nonfiction Winners 2025-1971

Some years had multiple nonfiction winners. How many have you read?

Sex With a Brain Injury: On Concussion and Recovery by Annie Liontas (Scribner, an imprint of Simon & Schuster LLC)

Hijab Butch Blues by Lamya H (The Dial Press)

The Women’s House of Detention: A Queer History of a Forgotten Prison by Hugh Ryan (Bold Type Books)

Faltas: Letters to Everyone in My Hometown Who Isn’t My Rapist by Cecilia Gentili (Little Puss Press)

Dear Senthuran: A Black Spirit Memoir by Akwaeke Emezi (Riverhead Books)

Queer Games Avant-Garde: How LGBTQ Game Makers are Reimagining the Medium of Video Games by Bonnie Ruberg (they/them) (Duke University Press)

How We Fight for Our Lives: A Memoir by Saeed Jones (Simon & Schuster)

Go the Way Your Blood Beats by Michael Amherst (London: Repeater Press)

Queer Threads: Crafting Identity and Community by John Chaich and Todd Oldham (Los Angeles: Ammo Books)

How to Survive a Plague: The inside story of how citizens and science tamed AIDS, by David France (New York: Alfred A. Knopf)

Speak Now: Marriage Equality on Trial, by Kenji Yoshino (New York: Crown Publishers)

Living Out Islam: Voices of Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender Muslims, by Scott Siraj al-Haqq Kugle (New York: New York University Press)

American Honor Killings: Desire and Rage Among Men, by David McConnell (New York : Akashic Books)

Raising My Rainbow: Adventures in Raising a Fabulous, Gender Creative Son, by Lori Duron (New York: Broadway Books, an imprint of Crown Publishing, a division of Random House, Inc.)

For Colored Boys Who Have Considered Suicide When the Rainbow is Still Not Enough: Coming of Age, Coming Out, and Coming Home, edited by Keith Boykin (New York : Magnus Books)

Hide/Seek: Difference and Desire in American Portraiture, by Jonathan D. Katz and David C. Ward (Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Books)

A Queer History of the United States (Revisioning American History), by Michael Bronski (Boston, Mass. : Beacon Press)

Inseparable: Desire between Women in Literature by Emma Donoghue, (Knopf)

Unfriendly Fire: How the Gay Ban Undermines the Military and Weakens America by Nathaniel Frank, (St. Martin's Press)

Dishonorable Passions: Sodomy Laws in America, 1861-2003 by William N. Eskridge, Jr., (Viking)

Dog Years: A Memoir by Mark Doty, (HarperCollins)

Fun Home: A Family Tragicomic by Alison Bechdel, (Houghton Mifflin)

The fabulous Sylvester: the legend, the music, the seventies in San Francisco by Joshua Gamson, (H. Holt)

Evolution's Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and Sexuality in Nature and in People by Joan Roughgarden, (University of California Press)

Lost Prophet: The Life and Times of Bayard Rustin by John D'Emilio, (Free Press)

How Sex Changed: a History of Transsexuality in the United States by Joanne Meyerowitz, ( Harvard University Press)

The Scarlet Professor: Newton Arvin, a Literary Life Shattered by Scandal by Barry Werth, (Nan A. Talese)

Gaylaw: Challenging the Apartheid of the Closet by William N. Eskridge, (Harvard University Press)

My Lesbian Husband: Landscape of a Marriage by Barrie Jean Borich, (Greywolf Press)

Stagestruck: Theater, AIDS, and the Marketing of Gay America by Sarah Schulman, (Duke University Press)

The Shared Heart: Portraits and Stories Celebrating Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Young People by Adam Mastoon, (William Morrow and Co./Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Books)

Geography of the Heart: A Memoir by Fenton Johnson, (Scribner)

Virtual Equality: The Mainstreaming of Gay and Lesbian Liberation by Urvashi Vaid, (Anchor Books)

Skin: Talking About Sex, Class & Literature Dorothy Allison, (Firebrand Books)

Uncommon Heroes: A Celebration of Heroes and Role Models for Gay and Lesbian Americans by Phillip Sherman and Samuel Bernstein, (Fletcher Press)

Family Values: Two Moms and Their Son by Phyllis Burke, (Random House)

Making History: The Struggle for Gay and Lesbian Equal Rights, 1945-1990 by Eric Marcus, (HarperCollins)

Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth Century America by Lillian Faderman, (Columbia University Press)

Encyclopedia of Homosexuality edited by Wayne Dynes, (Garland)

In Search of Gay America: Women and Men in a Time of Change by Neil Miller, (Atlantic Monthly Press)

A Restricted Country by Joan Nestle, (Firebrand Books)

And the Band Played On: Politics, People, and the AIDS Epidemic by Randy Shilts, (St. Martin's Press)

The Spirit and the Flesh: Sexual Diversity in American Indian Culture by Walter Williams, (Beacon Press)

Sex and Germs: The Politics of AIDS by Cindy Patton, (South End Press)

Another Mother Tongue: Gay Words, Gay Worlds by Judy Grahn, (Beacon Press)

Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities: The Making of a Homosexual Minority in the United States, 1940-1970 by John D'Emilio, (University of Chicago Press)

Surpassing the Love of Men: Romantic Friendship and Love Between Women from the Renaissance to the Present by Lillian Faderman, (Morrow)

Black Lesbians: An Annotated Bibliography by J.R. Roberts, (Naiad Press)

The Celluloid Closet: Homosexuality in the Movies by Vito Russo, (Harper & Row)

The Cancer Journals by Audre Lorde, (Spinsters, Ink)

Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century by John Boswell, (University of Chicago Press)

Now That You Know: What Every Parent Should Know About Homosexuality by Betty Fairchild and Nancy Hayward, (Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich)

Our Right to Love: A Lesbian Resource Book edited by Ginny Vida, (Prentice-Hall)

Familiar Faces, Hidden Lives: The Story of Homosexual Men in America Today by Howard Brown, (Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich)

Homosexuality: Lesbians and Gay Men in Society, History, and Literature edited by Jonathan Katz, (Arno Press) [Series of historically significant reprints]

Sex Variant Women in Literature: A Historical and Quantitative Survey by Jeannette Foster, (Vantage Press)

The Gay Mystique: The Myth and Reality of Male Homosexuality by Peter Fisher, (Stein & Day)

Lesbian/Woman by Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon (Glide Publications)

A Place for Us by Isabel Miller, (published in October, 1971 by McGraw Hill as Patience and Sarah )

[cryptotheism]

Do you have a favorite diagram from the manuscripts you’ve read?

Yes! Sir Issac Newton's model of the philosophers stone!

This image was from his personal notes, which have been in a private collection for years. But back in 2016, the manuscripts were put up for auction. They contain a vast amount of writing on contemporary alchemical theory, including this particular diagram, which depicts a theoretical structure of the philosophers stone.

Its an image from one of those wonderful cusps of history. Alchemy was still kinda the leader of the pack, and modern chemistry still had to prove its chops. It was an era when people regarded as serious philosophers and scientists had to contend with ideas we now consider nigh-magical and irrelevant.

You can see in the diagram how newton attempts to square the alchemical idea of the planetary metals as primary metaphysical forces, with the actual physical substances themselves, along with echoes of the theory of Jabirian equilibrium. You can tell Newton thinks of The Stone as this perfectly internally balanced substance, baring all natures and qualities. Like, if the world worked by alchemical laws, this is a damn good theory.

This diagram represents one of the brightest minds in human history giving deep and serious attention to an idea we now know to be entirely wrong. I find it intellectually humbling.

[chobani-flip]

meeting friends and family @bucktommypositivityweek

a bit of bucktommy fluff that unfolded as i wrote it

--

putting the car in park, buck checked his watch. shit, he was late. he was so late. he eyed the bags on the seat next to him and wondered if he should have bought the other two types of muffin as well. but he was so late, and today of all days, that he seriously doubted if tommy's love of cake might work in bribing his forgiveness.

but it hadn't been his fault! he couldn't just stand by when kathy went into labor right there next to the chicken nuggets! or it might have been kate, buck wasn't sure he heard her equally pregnant friend (mallory?) right the first time she'd moaned their names at him before thrusting two shopping carts containing two toddlers into buck's free hand once he'd introduced himself as a firefighter and dialed 911. then she proceeded to lean against the walgreens freezer and talk both herself and her friend through lamaze breathing, while buck clutched his phone with his shoulder and gave directions to sue blevins and at the same time tried to keep the toddler in the green bear tshirt from biting the toddler in pink, taking turns smiling encouragingly into their crying faces and the equally distressed but less snotty face of the walgreens manager.

and once he'd calmed the kids down a bit and nowak and wyatt from the 127 arrived, he couldn't just leave them to go to the hospital on their own. luckily, it didn't take very long for melanie's (?) partner to arrive, but still.

so now buck was late, by about two hours, on the evening that he and tommy had offered to babysit jee for the first time together.

remembering his own complete exhaustion after he'd spent an afternoon running around his niece that first time maddie had him watch her, buck was sure he should have bought those extra muffins.

buck didn't really know what he expected to find when he opened the door to his loft, but it definitely wasn't his niece sitting in her high chair at the kitchen island, quietly nibbling a carrot stick and staring at his boyfriend as though he was a new paw patrol character.

at a second glance, buck closed the door behind him and felt a bit like doing the same.

because tommy was holding a large piece of cucumber and two leaves of ice berg lettuce on the other side of the kitchen island and...

"...and like we said, because newton's third law of motion says that any action has an equal and opposite reaction, like when-"

"when i jump on the trampoline!" jee pulled the carrot out of her mouth to yell in excitement as tommy grinned at her in approval. buck felt a little faint.

"exactly, princess! and when the airfoil here," tommy shook the lettuce, "splits the air, the air pressure on top is smaller than on the bottom, that makes the air move faster downward and that generates lift!"

"lift!" jee yun cheered and danced in her chair, and buck had no idea whether she actually understood the lesson in beginner aviation just now, or if she just liked how tommy nodded approvingly at her as he handed her a wedge of cucumber. buck watched in disbelief as she rammed it into her mouth like a little chipmunk and grinned wide and green at his boyfriend, who couldn't possibly appreciate it for the miracle it was.

buck had been forced to pinky promise her never to include cucumbers in any of her snacks, "not even hided in yummy dip!", because they were "wet and ew".

although buck had to admit, he too would do (and had done) a lot of crazy things in order to get tommy to look and smile at him, so he couldn't blame jee yun too much for her change of heart.

he must have make some sort of a sound, because in the next instant jee was wriggling on her chair so much it was a wonder it didn't topple with her in it, and tommy was throwing his vegetable airplane model back into the salad bowl as though he'd been caught with his hand in the cookie jar.

"uncle buck! uncle buck!" jee yun yelled, interrupting his stunned staring. "this is uncle tommy!" she added when he came up to her and at her request, lifted her into his arms.

"yeah?" was the only thing buck could think to say, as he pressed a scratchy kiss against her cheek, and turned to stare some more at his gorgeous boyfriend the tips of whose ears were turning a lovely shade of pink.

"he's a pilot!" jee yun continued to cheerfully shout in his ear.

"no way!" buck gasped.

"way way!" she yelled, and then went on to explain very seriously that she shouldn't jump on the bed because she didn't have a "jet-gin" or an airfoil and so she wouldn't fly because she couldn't "genate lift". buck nodded, also very seriously, and agreed that uncle tommy was "so cool!"

"the coolest," he said as he watched tommy start to put away the groceries.

buck had a feeling that the title of the favorite uncle that he had won from albert by knowing which brand of dino chicken nuggets to buy had just been stolen but he couldn't say he minded very much.

[bradshawed]

NEWTON'S LAWS, CHAPTER 2

main & series masterlist !

introducing... the lion and his lioness prey pairing: f1!raphael cameron & reporter!reader

An apple fell from a tree and well... you know the rest. Much like Newton's apple, you fell right in his path, the lion's path, and he deemed you his prey. Silly boy. That was his first mistake.

A tale as old as time, Newton & his gravity, faceclaim: HoYeon Jung & various pinterest girls

warnings! fem!reader, use of y/n, mild swearing & threats, dad!jenson, tmz, mean!rafe, inaccurate time zones

chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3...

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If you would like to be added to the taglist, please let me know. And, if you want to remain tagged, you must interact with the posts (credits to Zya).

taglist for f=ma, @dearapril @edwardslvrr @zya8tracks @potatodirectioner @poppysrin @a-beaverhausen @judesgfirl @pogueprincesa

note! credits to zya for her layout ft. cami's cameo xx first day at work for you, thoughts on rafe's actions, were they justified? slightly modelled reader after me, because i change the way i respond based on who i'm responding to, i hope i'm not the only one that does that

[mindblowingscience]

One of the biggest mysteries in astrophysics today is that the forces in galaxies do not seem to add up. Galaxies rotate much faster than predicted by applying Newton's law of gravity to their visible matter, despite those laws working well everywhere in the solar system. To prevent galaxies from flying apart, some additional gravity is needed. This is why the idea of an invisible substance called dark matter was first proposed. But nobody has ever seen the stuff. And there are no particles in the hugely successful Standard Model of particle physics that could be the dark matter—it must be something quite exotic.

Continue Reading.

[scotianostra]

April 25th 1710 saw the birth of James Ferguson at Rothiemay near Keith in Banffshire.

James Ferguson is almost forgotten about nowadays, yes he gets a mention from me a couple of times a year and a limited audince on my Facebook group and Tumblr page, but in the 18th century he was a phenomenon, a self-educated astronomer and philosopher whose books sold widely and whose lectures on various subjects were the equivalent of the Royal Institution Christmas Lectures today.

His father was a farm labourer, but Ferguson rose from abject poverty to become the greatest populariser of science of his day, and much of his success derived from the fact that he was able to explain complex matters such as Newton’s laws in language that was clear and easily understood, perhaps a legacy of his own self-taught, which is much more than me, I’ve said before much of Mathematics is way over my head, don’t even start me on algebra or logarithms!

Sometimes referred to as the “wheelwright of the heavens”, showing remarkable intelligence and keen interest in all things mechanical, his only formal education was at the age of seven for three months to the grammar school at Keith.

In 1734 he went to Edinburgh, where he began to make portraits in miniature, by which means, while engaged in his scientific studies, he supported himself and his family for many years. Subsequently, he settled at Inverness, where he drew up his Astronomical Rotula for showing the motions of the planets, and places of the sun and moon.

He went to London in 1743, making mechanical devices and publishing the odd paper in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society , of which he became a Fellow in November 1763. Throughout his life, he devised astronomical and mechanical models. His breakthrough came with the publication of Astronomy explained upon Sir Isaac Newton’s Principles in 1756,, which was so popular it required a second edition a year later.

James Fergusson died aged 66 in London on 17th November 1776 and was buried in St Marylebone churchyard,London.

[oliviax727]

Physics Friday: WTF is Dark Energy/Dark Matter? (Part 1)

To see what this is all about click here.

Preamble: Dark Numbers

Education level: High School (Y9/10)

Topic: Cosmology (Astronomy)

This equation is surprisingly the best representation of what we are doing with dark energy and dark matter. The equations we are using to figure out the nature of the universe are quite literally 'not adding up'.

When we have a situation where we encounter a missing number we are faced with three scenarioes:

Our model is wrong and we fucked up, physics is over

Our model works, but it's not complete. There are situations where it doesn't apply, and we are seeing an example of it

Our model is simply missing a few terms

Scenario 1 would imply that basic physics such as Newton's laws of motion and gravity are just plain wrong. Which is ... well ... a bit difficult to try and prove.

Scenario 2 implies that there is a more fundamental theory that underlies our current one. While it is not off the table, it can be difficult to find a theory for just one or two specific phenomena.

Scenario 3 is like 2, but it's a bit 'softer', what we're doing is just adding an extra number to balance out the equation and then trying to answer "What does this number mean"?

By Occam's razor, we can go with option 3, as it's simpler, and also appears to be more correct than a complete model change.

Dark Matter and Galaxies

Our galaxy is like the solar system in the sense that there is a large object in the centre surrounded by a bunch of stuff moving around that centre.

The difference between the two is the ratio between the central mass and the mass of the rest of the system.

If you combined all of the planets in the solar system together, it would still be less massive than the Sun.

This means we can easily calculate how the planets move around the Sun. As the motions of the other planets don't really affect that motion all too much. And thus we can use Kepler's 3rd Law:

If you combined all of the stars in the galactic 'orb' surrounding the centre, you find that it would be much heavier than the black hole in the centre.

This means you have to account for a more spread out mass as you change your distance from the centre of the galaxy.

The further you are from the centre of the galaxy, the more stuff there is beneath you i.e. there's more stuff closer to the core than you. We have to calculate gravity taking this mass, and the radius to it, into account.

Thankfully, we have methods that can calculate this much easier. And we can use this to figure out our orbital velocity as a function of distance from the centre.

So let's try and calculate things! Take a galaxy, measure it's mass distribution independent of orbital mechanics, and find the orbital velocity!

Image Credit: Citizendium

What we get is the graph above. In a normal universe, we expect our orbital velocity to increase near the core as more stuff gets added to the mass pulling us in. It then peters out as gravity looses it's strength.

What we actually see is that the orbital velocity takes a lot longer to peter out. If Newton's Laws/General Relativity are working how they should, this means that there must be a lot more mass in the galaxy.

What's worse is that this mass is much more evenly distributed. And not just that, but we cannot see it i.e. it does not interact with electromagnetic waves (light).

Hence we label this weird matter 'dark', because we can't see it and it helps us account for the disparity in the equation.

Next time I'll go into what we think dark matter actually is.

Dark Energy and Einstein's Blunder

General Relativity is one of the most backed-up theories in all of physics. The original conception of the theory comes from the Einstein Field Equations (EFEs):

We can safely ignore all of the fancy jargon symbols. What's important to us is what's missing.

When Einstein was playing around with his equations, he made an error. This error led him to missing a part in his equation. And thus he added an additional term to the EFEs:

This capital lambda term (Λ) helped balance his erronious equation.

Eventually, Einstein figured out that this was a mistake, a mistake so big that he called it his 'Biggest Blunder'. It turns out that the EFEs don't require Λ to actually work.

A few decades later, in the 1990s, researchers were trying to use the principles of general relativity to figure out the expansion of spacetime. Thanks to Edwin Hubble, we knew that space was expanding, but we didn't know how it was expanding.

The difficulty is that both the curvature and the amount of energy in the universe affected the expansion of the universe. This is dictated by the Friedmann equations:

Where the a's are the universe's scale factor, i.e. the current 'size' of the universe. The two p's are the mass and energy densities in the universe.

Using measurements of Type Ia Supernovae (you will see a topic on this in the future as I've done research into this), two teams of researchers were able to determine that the expansion rate of the universe was accelerating! Something completely unexpected.

This would require us adding an additional term to the equation involving our suspicious little friend:

This Λ variable, called the cosmological constant, can be propagated up the mathematical derivation chain to show that Einstein's 'mistake' was actually the correct equation all along!

The cosmological constant acts a energy density term that exists outside of our current understandings of the matter and energy in our universe. And because it's outside of our understanding, we call it 'dark' energy - because, just like dark matter, we can't see it.

It's a type of energy that isn't represented by any of the fundamental forces. What's more is that it is constant, which means as the universe expands, more gets added. And even more is that this energy density is negative, suggesting even that the universe is not a vaccum.

This discovery landed three researchers from both teams the Nobel prize in physics. One of the laureates includes the vice chancellor of my very own university, Brian Schmidt. Doxxing myself aside, this is a fact that neither me, nor my university, will shut up about.

In another part, I'll talk about what this dark energy could be and what an accelerating expansion of the universe could mean.

Conclusion

So despite the names, dark energy and dark matter are actually two different things that have two different sets of properties purposes (at least that's what we think). The names simply derive from the same method of using constants to help make our equations work better with reality.

It's always possible that we are wrong and there is a more fundamental equation that helps us understand these things. But that's a task for the future.

Hope you enjoyed reading and please give me feedback! I'm doing this every week as well, so feel free to follow if you want.

Next week I'll probably do something mathematics-related, before continuing on with this part.

[max1461]

This is a little abstract, but I think if you disagree with something (except in math) (honestly even in math), you need to have two forms of critique at once. One is a "formal critique": why are the claims you disagree with wrong as such? At what step does their reasoning fail? Where, conceptually, is the error here? The second kind of critique you need is a "practical critique": why don't the claims you disagree with work in practice? Why are they a bad model? You might think this follows from the formal critique, but of course it doesn't; many useful models are in a strict literal sense untrue. Look at Newton's laws. A model which is useful but not strictly true can be made strictly true with appropriate rephrasing. The practical critique must demonstrate that the issues raised by the formal critique are not mere quibbles with the phrasing, they are real problems with the idea.

If you think a claim is "meaningfully wrong", I believe that what you are essentially doing is asserting that both a valid formal critique and a valid practice critique exist. You may not have them, and that's fine, but in order to show that an idea is meaningfully wrong you must demonstrate both. An idea which is amendable to formal but not practical critique is, as mentioned, merely a "phrasing issue", and an idea which is amendable to a practical but not a formal critique is one which might be regarded as true but a pure technicality. For a really robust criticism of something you need both.

[habibialkaysani]

TO NEW BEGINNINGS by lauryssamilkshakes

SUMMARY:

Set after the Pall Mall game in the epilogue. As the new Viscountess, Kate calls for a toast at dinner. It is then that she comes to a realisation about the family she has, and the one she wishes to build with her husband.

Dinner after Pall Mall at Aubrey Hall was a loud affair. As Kate surveyed her new family from her new place at the top of the table, she found that she could not have asked for anything else. Gregory and Hyacinth were chattering about Newton's latest tricks, arguing about what his favourite food was. Benedict and Eloise were having an animated discussion about the ethics of nude models in art (“It is rather undignified, is it not?” asked Eloise); the Duke of Hastings was conversing with Lady Danbury and Francesca while tucking into gooseberry pie, and Daphne was having an argument with Colin and Anthony about who had truly lost in Pall Mall. 

Kate herself had been busy telling Violet about the dish she had asked Cook to serve: sevai, a milky dish that she assured Violet did not have spice. She watched as her mother-in-law spooned some into her mouth gingerly, Kate trying hard not to laugh as Violet’s eyes widened, clearly finding it just as delicious as Kate had described, and she began to attack her bowl with the spoon in a most unladylike manner.

As the conversations around her lulled, Kate decided it was time for a toast. She clinked her spoon briefly against her wine glass and stood, smiling at her husband at the other end of the table. (He was too far away from her, though, Kate noted, and that simply would not do in the future. She decided to speak to him about this later.)

“If I could have everyone's attention, please, just for a moment,” Kate said. Her family quietened, their backs a bit straighter, their attention now on her. “Worry not, this will not take long.”

“As long as it does not take nearly as long as it took for you and my brother to join us for the game,” Eloise piped up, and her words were met with embarrassed groans from her siblings and good-natured chuckles from the dowagers.

“I promise it will be much quicker than that,” Kate said, though not before she winked at Anthony, noticing that he was blushing. His boyish grin in return was so very endearing. It made her want to march over to Anthony and climb into his lap to kiss him.

Read at AO3

[earthgeco]

@heathersdesk as promised here's the explanation of my theory about the importance of imperfection in the church for the perfection of the saints.

As is the way of the Lord this starts several years ago when I was on my mission, where I finally actually understood the importance of trials in our lives.

Newtons third law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. If we want to walk forward we need to overcome two forces: gravity, and friction.

Gravity and friction make walking difficult, BUT if we did not have those oppositions there would be no movement. If there were a room with no gravity and no friction, there would be no movement. We would just flail around and never get anywhere, much less toward our goal.

Trials are our spiritual gravity and friction. They provide the opposing force from which we push. To be perfected is a process of trial and growth, trial and growth, trial and growth. It will not be easy but it the only way we can come unto Christ and become like our Heavenly Parents.

Last conference was hard for me and I only ended up watching about half a session, though I have since read some of the talks and quite liked them. It didn't push me out of the church, but it got close. I had recently come out as gender-queer and started using they/them. It made me wonder. I had received personal revelation from the Lord that my gender identity and expression was part of my eternal identity and supported by Them, so why was the quorum of the twelve and the first presidency teaching contrary to this? My answer as typical of the Lord came from an old institute teacher who I had once spent nearly an hour arguing with about trans rights. He was substituting for the class I was in and we were talking about the organization of the church.

Ephesians 4:11-17 teaches us about the organization of the church saying:

11.And he gave some, apostles; and to some, prophets; and to some, evangelists; and to some, pastors, and teachers;

12.For the perfecting of the saints, for the work of the ministry, for the edifying of the body of Christ:

13.Till we all come in the unity of the faith, and of the knowledge of the Son of God, unto a perfect man, unto the measure of the stature of the fullness of Christ.

14.That we are henceforth be no more children, tossed to and fro, and carried about with every wind of doctrine, by the sleight of men, and the cunning craftiness, whereby they lie in wait to deceive

15.But speaking the truth in love, may grow up unto him in all things, which is the head, even Christ:

16.From whom the whole body fitly joined together and compacted by that which every joint supplieth, according to the effectual working inn the measure of every part, maketh increase of the body unto the edifying of itself in love.

17.This I say therefore, and testify in the Lord, that ye henceforth walk not as other gentiles walk, in the vanity of their mind.

The Church is organized intentionally it is imperfect by design.

"For the perfecting of the saints," trials are the biggest perfecting force in life. So we are perfected both by good and bad experiences within the church and by good and bad experiences with the members of the church.

"In the unity of the faith," becoming unified doesn't happen on accident, a common group dynamic model identifies "storming" or a period of disagreement and struggle as a fundamental part of growing an effective team. Overcoming the struggle is what unifies us.

"Be no more children, tossed to and fro," learning to love imperfect people and finding the good in everyone helps us learn who we are and what we believe which will ground us in Christ.

"But speaking the truth in love...even Christ," Recognizing that Christ is the truth and learning to share the his gospel with love helps us and those around us grow closer to him.

Each part and person in the church is important for the whole to improve every person every policy no matter how harmful it is is there for a reason, so each member of the church can learn and grow. That's not to say we must accept everything. It is often in fighting for change we grow the most. We are not the "true church" because we are the best, or even that we are right about everything. This is the true church because we have the living gospel and we learn and grow together. We work together for the edifying and perfecting of the saints.

[spacetimewithstuartgary]

New model that replaces dark energy and dark matter in explaining nature of the universe

Dr. Richard Lieu, a physics professor at The University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH), a part of The University of Alabama System, has published a paper in the journal Classical and Quantum Gravity that proposes a universe built on steps of multiple singularities rather than the Big Bang alone to account for the expansion of the cosmos.

The new model forgoes the need for either dark matter or dark energy as explanations for the universe's acceleration and how structures like galaxies are generated.

The researcher's work builds on an earlier model hypothesizing that gravity can exist without mass.

"This new paper proposes an improved version of the earlier model, which is also radically different," Lieu explains. "The new model can account for both structure formation and stability, and the key observational properties of the expansion of the universe at large, by enlisting density singularities in time that uniformly affect all space to replace conventional dark matter and dark energy."

Lieu's improved model doesn't rely on exotic phenomena like "negative mass" or "negative density" to work. The theory offers instead the notion that the universe is expanding due to a series of step-like bursts called "transient temporal singularities" that flood the entire cosmos with matter and energy, yet happen so rapidly, they cannot be observed as these singularities wink in and out of existence.

"Sir Fred Hoyle opposed Big Bang cosmology and postulated a 'steady state' model of the universe in which matter and energy were constantly being created as the universe expands," Lieu notes. "But that hypothesis violates the law of mass-energy conservation.

"In the current theory, the conjecture is for matter and energy to appear and disappear in sudden bursts and, interestingly enough, there is no violation of conservation laws. These singularities are unobservable because they occur rarely in time and are unresolvedly fast, and that could be the reason why dark matter and dark energy have not been found. The origin of these temporal singularities is unknown—safe to say that the same is true of the moment of the Big Bang itself."

These singularities in space in lieu of dark matter also generate something called "negative pressure," a type of energy density, like that of dark energy, that has a repulsive gravitational effect, causing the universe to expand at an accelerating rate.

"An example is the negative pressure exerted by a magnetic field along a field line," Lieu says. "Einstein also postulated negative pressure in his 1917 paper on the Cosmological Constant. When positive mass-energy density is combined with negative pressure, there are some restrictions which ensure the mass-energy density remains positive with respect to any uniformly moving observer, so the negative density assumption is avoided in the new model."

The title of Lieu's new paper—"Are dark matter and dark energy omnipresent?"—hints at the researcher's ultimate conclusions: "They are not omnipresent—meaning, not present at all times," the researcher says. "They only appear in brief instances during which the matter and energy do fill the entire universe uniformly, apart from random spatial density variations which grow to form bound structures like galaxies.

Top of Form

Bottom of Form

"In between which they are not to be found anywhere. The only difference between this work and the standard model is that the temporal singularity occurred only once in the latter, but more than once in the former."

Looking to the future of his research, Lieu says the next step to validating his model of the cosmos could come through observations using earthbound instruments rather than something like the James Webb Space Telescope.

"The best way to look for the proposed effect is actually to use a large ground-based telescope—like the Keck Observatory [Waimea, Hawaii], or the Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes in La Palma, Spain—to perform deep field observations, the data of which would be 'sliced' according to redshift," the researcher notes.

"Given sufficient redshift (or, equivalently, time) resolution effected by the redshift slicing, one might just find that the Hubble diagram exhibits jumps in the redshift distance relation, which would be very revealing."

[a-lesson-you-never-asked-for]

A class of curves

During my thesis, researching ways of flow around rocks and ships near the surface of water, I found a set of equations that can be used to model these weirder shapes. One example was the lemon curve, which you saw as the cricket ball simulation I showed earlier. The other is a generalised version of these that allows one to customise the location of bumps on the surface of the solid. The following plots were made in python.

Lemon curves (name courtesy of my fabulous sister @mrunmione) - the shape used to model a cricket ball

Crocodile curves (because they literally look like crocodiles)

Why are they important? ↓

It is important that when you model obstacles, you do so with at least second-differentiable functions, which means that they can be differentiated at least twice without behaving badly.

This is due to the nature of equations used to model fluids, called the Navier Stokes equations, which is based on Newton's 2nd law of motion, the force applied on an object is proportional to the acceleration (which is where the 2nd derivative comes into play).

[rauthschild]

Communist History Of V. P. Kamala Harris

 This is a really revealing history of of this nation's Vice President and presidential candidate. It is a long article but is necessary because it is so very important for you to know. This editorial is by Major General Higginbotham U.S. Marines (Ret)

This timely editorial that exposes the hidden background of Kamala Harris is from the Combat Veterans for Congress Political Action Committee. It is posted here with permission of the author. CVFC PAC supports the election of US military combat veterans to the US Senate and House of Representatives.

The editorial begins:

Kamala Harris' father was an avowed Marxist professor in the Economics Department at Stanford University in Palo Alto, CA. Both of Harris' parents were active in the Berkeley based Afro-American Association; Fidel Castro and Che Guevara were the heroes of the Afro-American Association. The group's leader, Donald Warden (aka Khalid al-Mansour), mentored two young Afro-American Association members, Huey Newton and Bobby Seale; they created the Maoist inspired Black Panther Party which gained strong support from Communist China; the Black Panther Party served as the model for creation of the Black Lives Matter Marxist organization Khalid al-Mansour subsequently went on to arrange financing and facilitated for Barack Hussein Obama to be accepted as a student to matriculate at Harvard Law School.

Following her graduation from college, Harris returned to California and subsequently became the mistress of the 60-year-old married Speaker of the California Assembly, Willie Brown, Jr. Brown's political campaigns were supported and funded by Dr. Carlton Goodlett, the owner of The Sun Reporter and several other pro-Communist newspapers. Brown was elected as Mayor of San Francisco, and strongly endorsed Harris' Marxist political philosophy; he guided Harris' political rise in California politics, leading to her election as California's Attorney General. Willie Brown, Jr. is a well-known long-time Communist sympathizer.

Willie Brown, Jr. was initially elected to public office with substantial help of the Communist Party USA. Today, Willie Brown is widely regarded as one of the Chinese Communist Party's best friends in the San Francisco Bay Area. While serving as San Francisco District Attorney, Kamala Harris mentored a young San Francisco Radical Maoist activist, Lateefah Simon, who was a member of the STORM Revolutionary Movement; Simon currently chairs the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) Board. Simon has always been close friends with the founder of Black Lives Matter Marxist Domestic Terrorists, Alicia Garza, as well as STORM member and avowed Communist, Van Jones. Harris has been openly and aggressively supporting Black Lives Matter Marxists; Kamala Harris is still closely associated with Maoist Lateefah Simon and Marxist Alicia Garza.

 Kamala Harris's sister Maya Harris was a student activist at Stanford University. She was a closely associated with Steve Phillips, one of the leading Marxist-Leninists on campus and a long-time affiliate with the League of Revolutionary Struggle, a pro-Chinese Communist group. Phillips came out of the Left, and in college he studied Marx, Mao, and Lenin, and maintained close associations with fellow Communists. Phillips married into the multi billion dollar Sandler family of the Golden West Savings and Loan Fortune. He funded many leftist political campaigns, and the voter registration drives in the Southern and South Western states in order to help his friend, Barack Hussein Obama, defeat Hillary Clinton.

Phillips has been a major financial sponsor for Kamala Harris's political campaigns for various California elective offices. Harris' husband, Doug Emhoff works for the law firm DLA Piper, which "boasts nearly 30 years of experience in Communist China with over 140 lawyers dedicated to its 'Communist China investment Services' branch. He was just appointed to Professor at Yale to school future lawyers in the fine points of Communism. When she was elected to the US Senate,Kamala Harris appointed a Pro-Communist Senate Chief of Staff, Karine Jean-Pierre. Jean-Pierre was active with the New York-based Haiti Support Network. The organization worked closely with the pro-Communist China/Communist North Korea Workers World Party and supported Jean-Bertrand Aristide, the far-left Communist former president of Haiti and the radical Lavalas movement.

Fortunately for Harris, but potentially disastrous for the Republic, elected office holders are not subject to the security clearance process. If the FBI did a Background Investigation on Kamala Harris, she never would have passed, because of her 40-year close ties with Marxists, Communists, Maoists, and Communist China. Harris would never have been approved for acceptance to any of the 5 Military Service Academies, been appointed to a U.S. Government Sub-Cabinet position, or would have been approved to fill a sensitive position for a high security defense contractor. Yet, since Joe Biden was elected, Harris could be a heartbeat away from being President. The U.S. constitutional Republic is being threatened by the People's Republic of Communist China (PPC) externally, and by their very active espionage operations within the United States. The People's Republic of Communist China (PPC), with 1.4 billion people, is governed by the 90 million member Chinese Communist Party (CCP), that has been working with Russia to destroy the U.S. Constitutional Republic for over 70 years.

 If the American voters read the background information (in Trevor Loudon's article) on Kamala Harris, they would never support her election as Vice President of the United States. Joe Biden is suffering from the early onset of dementia and will continue to decline in cerebral awareness; he will never be able to fill out a four-year term of office. Since Biden was elected, the Socialists, Marxists, and Communist who control Kamala Harris, are planning to enact provisions of the 25th Amendment, in order to remove Joe Biden from office, so Harris can become the first Communist President of the United States. Since Biden was elected, because Biden would not be up to it,

Kamala Harris would lead the effort to appoint very dangerous anti-American Leftist, Communist, Socialists, and Marxists to fill highly sensitive positions in the Washington Deep State Bureaucracy. She would fill all appointive positions in the US Intelligence Agencies, in the Department of Homeland Security, in the Department of Defense, in The Justice Department, the Department of State, the FBI, the CIA, most cabinet positions, the National Security Council, and in the White House Staff. American voters must alert their fellow Americans that Kamala Harris is a very serious National Security threat to the very survival of the US Constitutional Republic; she has been a fellow traveler of Marxists, Communists, Maoists, Socialists, Progressives, and Chinese Communists for over 35 years.

President Trump had much more background information on Kamala Harris than we presented here, and he was correct, when he accused Kamala Harris of being a Communist subverter.

Geoffrey B. Higginbotham Major General, USMC (Ret).

Ernest Rauthschild's Response

Further, Geoffrey B. Higginbotham is standing in front of the foreign corporate British Territorial United States and Vatican Municipal United States BANNER; and not our Autochthonous Preamble Posterity General Government Flag enacted by the General Congress Assembled July 14th, 1777.

None of the "presidents of the United States" in my lifetime have been elected either in accord with Art. 2, Section 1 or Amendment 12 of the United States Constitution. There is no Constitutional provision that allows the Winners of the partisan conventions, who somehow become a candidate the Electoral College Select from, to choose or pick the candidate for Vice' President.

Since Congress has never declared war during Higginbotham tenure and lifetime, his resume is merely that of a foreign corporate Indentured 13th and 14th Amendment White Negro Slave in a foreign corporate Mercenary uniform.

[shankhachil]

Countdown to JEE (Main): Week 6/33

It's my birthday!!! (As you can probably tell from the third image which has barely anything — okay, nothing — to do with studies.)

But the rest of the week has been quite good! I'm happier with my performance than I was last week, and have covered quite a few topics that I had yet to touch before.

Test results:

Test at physics tuition center: 102/120, rank 1/57; it's only one batch for now, and the other batch (which is technically my batch but I won't be writing the test with them because tomorrow is my birthday) will do it tomorrow, so this rank is subject to change lol

Topics covered:

Physics: Newton's Laws of Motion; Modern Physics; Current Electricity (3/3)

Chemistry: Reduction; Carbonyl Compounds; Carboxylic Acids; Amines; Ionic Equilibrium (5/3)

Mathematics: Indefinite Integrals; Definite Integrals; Vectors; 3D Geometry; Applications of Derivatives (5/3)

Questions solved:

Physics: - Allen Newton's Laws of Motion module, O — 69 questions (lol), 65 correct - Allen Modern Physics I module, O1 — 38 questions, 30 correct - Physics tuition Current Electricity module, single-correct, JEE (Main) archives and KVPY archives — 122 questions, 104 correct - HC Verma Bohr's Model and Physics of the Atom — 26 questions, 25 correct Total: 255/60 questions, 224 correct

Chemistry: - Allen Reduction module, O1 and O2 — 35 questions, 29 correct - Allen Carbonyl Compounds module, O1 — 30 questions, 25 correct - Kota Question Bank Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives and Amines and Other Nitrogen Compounds, single-correct — 55 questions, 45 correct - Himanshu Pandey Amines, Level 1 — 41 questions, 34 correct Total: 161/60 questions, 133 correct

Mathematics: - Sameer Bansal Indefinite Integrals, Exercises 2,3,4,5 — 24 questions, 18 correct - Sameer Bansal Definite Integrals, Exercise 1 — 20 questions, 15 correct - Black Book Indefinite and Definite Integrals, Exercise 1 — 49 questions, 40 correct - Black Book Vectors and 3D Geometry, Exercise 1 — 25 questions, 23 correct - Black Book Applications of Derivatives, Exercise 1 — 30 questions, 29 correct Total: 148/60 questions, 125 correct

GRAND TOTAL: 564/400 questions, 482 correct

Upcoming tests:

None! (My school's Unit Test 2 doesn't count.)

See you again next week!

[crystal-matrix]

So does anyone else remember learning about the concept of simple machines in elementary school? Yk, THESE bad boys?

[Image desc.: an info graphic showing examples of the six simple machines, the first row from left to right shows a drawing of a simple axel with wheels on either end, a lever (shown as a seesaw) weighed down on the left by a box, and an inclined plane acting as a ramp with a box at a high point on the incline. The second row from left to right depicts a pulley raising a bucket, a screw inserted into a block, and a wedge is represented by an axe driving wood apart. End image desc. ]

Simple machines on teachengineering.org are explained as "basic devices that help accomplish physical tasks with few or no moving parts."

So anyway, it was basically a baby lesson in physics, in how the amount of work it takes to do a task is calculated by multiplying the force needed by the distance an object had to travel, and how these machines could make things easier by decreasing the amount of work needed. There was a whole bunch of stuff about newton's laws, maybe an educational video or two, but SCREW ALL THAT NOISE because all i cared about was the PROJECTS.

THATS RIGHT BABY, A PROJECT!

The project was to make a functional object that could complete a task of your choosing, and used at least one simple machine (using more was bonus points!) So i, in my current hyperfixation on greek and roman battle tactics as a 9 or 10 year old, (i was already diagnosed with ADHD by this point and i now know i have autism as well) choose to build a catapult.

I, with the help of my father (this was a rare good memory with him), built a 2.5 foot long, 1.5-2 foot tall, wooden catapult. The model i created was essentially a seesaw style lever painted a dusty baby blue, held together by screws and woodglue with some hefty bungie cords (the kind that with hooks on the ends for fastening tarps in place) strung in such a way, that they would stretch when the catapult was armed, held in place using a screw as a peg and a hook-latch.

This created potential energy by putting stress on the elastic cords that would convert into kinetic energy when the latch was released by pulling on a length of cord. In doing this, the lever arm would rapidly tilt the opposite way and launch a small projectile. (i chose marshmallows for all of my demonstrations)

This made the catapult quite loud, wood smacking hard against wood (getting your fingers caught there would absolutely leave them broken), and the recoil made the whole thing jump and topple over on occasion, but it worked well, I successfully launched marshmallows about 20 or nearly even 30 feet by rough estimates at the time. my class demonstration was done outside, where i launched marshmallows at my classmates for them to try to catch and eat. I think i got temporary 'cool kid' status that day.

Then again i did also explain the history of catapults used in war, bio-warfare and a bunch of other crap like that so i definitely also horrified some people by being way too excited about catapulting plague corpses.